Neocolonialism
· Who: United States and British
· What: Instead of conquering land, superpowers began to buy land and Latin American resources.
· Where: Latin and South America
· When: 1870’s
· SIG: With this new way of “colonizing” land, the superpowers began to bribe and pressure local and national government leaders to govern the way they want to.
Monoculture
· Who: Latin American countries
· What: It was when one or few primary products became the basis of prosperity for each country.
· Where: Latin and South America
· When 1870-1940
· SIG: The significance of monoculture is that it allowed Latin American countries economies to progress at a faster rate, but this made it highly vulnerable to fluctuations in world trade.
Argentina
Bartolome Mitre
· Who: Military officer, President of Argentina
· What: Mitre was in opposition if the National Autonomist Party, he cofounded the Union Civica and also Union Civica Radical
· Where: Argentina
· When: 1870-1890
· SIG: The significance was that he cofounded the oldest party in Argentina, Union Civica Radical. He fought for equal a free and equal government. Even though he failed many times, he did not give up.
Domingo Sarmiento
· Who: Activist, President of Argentina
· What: believed that the country should be unified. Fought for the people’s right to get land found during the Conquest of the Desert. Opened up free education for the public.
· Where: Argentina
· When: 1875-1888
· SIG: Sarmeinto was first of many in Latin America to allow free public education. He also opposed the oligarchy government in control and believed in a unified Argentina.
Julio Roca
· Who: President of Argentina
· What: he ruled over during the economic boom and justified the oligarchy’s actions. He led a military expedition to gain more land. He helped make Buenos Aires the capitol city.
· Where: Argentina
· When: 1880-1886
· SIG: The significance of Roca was that he allowed the oligarchy to continue its bad governing. He led an expedition that made Argentina larger. With the new capital city of Buenos Aires, the city became wealthy and powerful.
Conquest of the Desert
· Who: Military officers, President Julio Roca
· What: It was a military expedition led by Roca to conquer land that belonged to the natives. They gained a lot of land that made the country larger.
· Where: Argentina
· When: 1879-1880
· SIG: The significance was that it showed how the government was deceiving its citizens. Instead of giving the land to the people they sold it to foreign investors.
Ferrocarril-Oeste
· Who: British
· What: This was the most profitable and best-run railroad in Argentina
· Where: Argentina
· When: 1889
· SIG: The significance was that it showed how foreign nations were taking control of Argentina’s infrastructure. And how the government was becoming broke, and was in dept.
Miguel Juarez Celman
· Who: President of Argentina
· What: He improved economic conditions by reducing inflammation, stabilizing the peso, and improving credit abroad.
· Where: Argentina
· When: 1890-1892
· SIG: Celman passed reforms that isolated the Union Civica Radical.
Radical Party
· Who: Bourgeoisie
· What: people who did not support industrialization, economic diversification, and nationalizing of foreign industries.
· Where: Argentina
· When: 1910
· SIG: The party was unified through the desire to overthrow the government and demand for an effective suffrage.
Leandro Alem
· Who: First President of the Union Civica
· What: He formed the Union Civica Radical, planned a revolt but was stopped by Pellegrini
· Where: Argentina
· When: 1890’s
· SIG: He organized a revolt in 1893 but failed doe to no support, and then commited suicide in 1896.
Berardo de Yrigoyen
· Who: Presidential Candidate
· What: Knowing the elections were rigged, he and the UCR planned a revolt, but it failed.
· Where: Argentina
· When: 1892
· SIG: It led to his exile with other radical leaders of the UCR
Carlos Pellegrini
· Who: President of Argentina
· What: He headed the oligarchy section, and he began to advocate electoral refor,
· Where: Argentina
· When: 1900’s
· SIG: The reforms showed how they were in a state of tension and feared a succecfull Radical Revolution.
Conservative Party
· Who: Political Party
· What: The party was let into the political system by the aristocrats, to try to avoid a Radical Revolution
· Where: Argentina
· When: 1900’s
· SIG: This was the beginning of a government that began to let other political parties join the government. This would be the beginning of a democratic nation.
Saenz Peña Law
· Who: President of Argentina
· What: The law established universal and secret male sufferage for citizens when they reach the age of 18.
· Where: Argentina
· When: 1912
· SIG: This law allowed the bourgeoisie to share powers with the aristocrats. This made the representation in government more equal to all citizens.
Chile
Nitrates
· Who: Chilean miners
· What: Nitrate was the main export for Chile. During the economic crisis it was the basis for the Chilean economy.
· Where: Chile
· When:1865-1875
· SIG: This precious industry became threaten during boarder problems with Bolivia and Peru. Nitrate was the basis for Chile, Peru, and Bolivia’s economy and none of those countries was willing to lose this source of money so they went to war.
War of the Pacific
· Who: Chile, Peru, Bolivia
· What: This was war fought over the nitrate fields that each country wanted to save their economy.
· Where: Chile, Peru, and Bolivia
· When: April 5, 1879- 1883
· SIG: This established its status as a powerful nation in South America. With the help of the British, Chile was able to win the war and gain more nitrate fields.
Treaty of Ancon
· Who: Chile, Peru, Bolivia
· What: This treaty, Peru ceded the province of Tarapaca and Bolivia ceded Antofagasta to Chile as well. This treaty allowed Chile to get nitrate field for their mining industry.
· Where: Peru
· When: October 20, 1883-April 1884
· SIG: The significance of the treaty was that is allowed Chile to continue its mining of nitrate and to save its economy and keep the country afloat. This shattered the economy of Peru and left Bolivia even more isolated that it already was. Chile established itself as the strongest nation in the west coast of South America.
Nitrate Railways Company
· Who: John Thomas North
· What: It was a monopoly railroad company that allowed the transportation of nitrates from the mines to the ports on the coast.
· Where: Chile
· When: 1890
· SIG: The significance of the company was that it shows how the British are very invested into Chile and are controlling major parts of the Chilean economy and infrastructure.
Domingo Santa Maria
· Who: President of Chile
· What: He fought through the end of the War of the Pacific. He also made both Peru and Bolivia sign a peace treaty.
· Where: Chile
· When: 1881
· SIG: The significance was that Santa Maria’s presidency was marked by electoral fraud and intervention of government liberals. This caused the Chilean government to not be as trust worthy.
Rotos
· Who: Farm workers
· What: They were seasonal farm workers that are illiterate.
· Where: Chile
· When: 1884
· SIG: The significance is that the government was trying to keep illiterate farm workers from voting in an election with literary test as a qualification for voting than property qualification.
Jose Manuel Balmaceda
· Who: Liberal President of Chile
· What: He used funds from the nitrate industry to begin development on an economic infrastructure. This made jobs for many who live in Chile; they worked on telegraph lines, railroads, bridges, and roads.
· Where: Chile
· When: 1886-1891
· SIG: Balmaceda began a struggle to end the railroad monopoly of the Nitrate Railways Company. This was the first time Chile would turn against their largest investor.
Chileanization
· Who: President Jose Manuel Balmaceda
· What: It was a plan to nationalize industries from foreign nations. This would prevent any more formation of foreign industries that would only benefit the foreign nation economically.
· Where: Chile
· When: 1886
· SIG: This was the first time that a President in South America turned against his European investor in order to better the economic situation in his own country.
General Emil Korner
· Who: German military officer
· What: Balmaceda began to repress people who oppose him. This leads to help from the English to aid rebels like Korner who was organizing strikes and revolts against Balmaceda.
· Where: Chile
· When: 1891
· SIG: This harsh revolt from congressional leaders and workers showed how they did not want to cut off investments from European countries. Chileans feared if they stopped british monopolies in Chile that Brittan would leave and Chile would go into an economic depression.
Parliamentary Republic
· Who: Land owners, bankers, merchants, and mining interests
· What: A new form of government took place in Chile, with different faction’s ruling the country and this favored rural aristocracy.
· Where: Chile
· When: 1891
· SIG: This led back to an oligarchy reign. This new government would only be interested in making money and keeping themselves
Luis Emilio Recabarren
· Who: Chilean father of socialism and communism, politician
· What: He formed the Workers Federation, and Socialist Party. These two organizations helped the Chilean working class to a party for the people.
· Where: Chile
· When:1906-1920
· SIG: With the Workers Federation (a trade union). It organized many strikes that were crushed by the government. This Marxist movement was threatening the government, and lead to many strikes throughout the next decade.
Mexico
Porfiro Diaz
· Who: President/ Dictator of Mexico
· What: Diaz seized power from a patronage government. He owed his success to American capitalist and army commanders. He was the longest ruling dictator in Latin American history.
· Where: Mexico
· When: 1876-1911
· SIG: Diaz’a significance was he set up a harsh dictator ship that lasted 35 years. With 35 years of harsh oppression, the people would revolt. Against him.
Rurales
· Who: Mounted police
· What: This police group went after opponents of Diaz’s government. They would be beaten, murdered, or arrested and sent to underground dungeons of San Juan de Ulua or Belen prison.
· Where: Mexico
· When:1861-1914
· SIG: The significance of this police group was that they were following orders from Diaz and that they would lock up anyone who opposed their views. These arrests would anger the people and would lead to a revolution in 1911.
Pan o Palo
· Who: Opponents of Diaz’s government
· What: It was an extension of an “olive branch”, to those who were in a different political party than Diaz’s. This offering would let them join Diaz and his government, and they would block the poor and humble.
· Where: Mexico
· When:1870’s-1880’s
· SIG: The significance was that Diaz allowed former opponents to join him and his cause, or face a harsh repression like the poor. This olive branch offering was denied by many who saw Diaz as a dictator, but once denied they would face harsh consequences.
Jefes Politicos
· Who: District heads
· What: They were appointed by governors who were approved by Diaz to rule over local governments.
· Where: Mexico
· When: 1880’s-1890’s
· SIG: The significance is that this led to more local tyrants in communities. So other than being terrorized by Dictator Diaz, they now are being harassed by local officials. This would push the people closer to revolt.
Cientificos
· Who: Intellectuals, and wealthy powerful figures
· What: This group of people insisted in a scientific administration. They agreed that natives are inferior to mestizo population.
· Where: Mexico
· When: 1895
· SIG: The significance is that the scientific community is starting to be controlled by Dictator Diaz and they seem to not care what they agree to, only if it keeps them from being incarcerated.
Justo Sierra
· Who: Educator
· What: He devoted his efforts to help convince Diaz to offer public education to all. Diaz then passed a federal law where all children are obligated to get a primary education.
· Where: Mexico
· When: 1905-1911
· SIG: The significance is that Diaz decided to offer education to the poor. But due to the high prices of education, many of the poor were not able to afford to go to school. Many children of rich families were able to complete their education.
Tierra Baldias
· Who: Diaz, foreign investors
· What: It was a law that allowed real estate companies to go and survey public lands and receive 1/3 of the land. With this land they sold it for money to Diaz’s foreign investors.
· Where: Mexico
· When: 1883
· SIG: With this law many investors gained a lot of territory, and a lot of territory was taken away from natives living on the land. This would push the natives closer to the edge of revolution.
Flores Magon Brothers
· Who: Ricardo and Enrique Flores
· What: They were the major thinkers of the Mexican Revolution. They also organized the Liberal Party.
· Where: Mexico
· When: 1905
· SIG: The significance is that they were one of the many organizers of the Mexican Revolution. With the organization of the Liberal Party they helped their cause to revolt against Diaz.
Liberal Party
· Who: Flores Magon Brothers, middle class
· What: It was a political part that planned to overthrow Diaz and his harsh government.
· Where: Mexico
· When: 1905
· SIG: The significance of this party is that it was the one of the final pushes to revolution. The natives are getting tired of the unjust treatment and how they are not represented in the government at all. For these reasons , they revolt against Diaz.
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