Chapter 16 IDs #1-13

Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, and the Radical Republicans

• Who: Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, and the Radical Republicans
• What: Charles Sumner was an American politician and statesman from Massachusetts, Thaddeus Stevens was a Republican leader and one of the most powerful members of the United States House of Representatives, and the Radical Republicans were a loose faction of American politicians within the Republican Party.
• When: from about 1854 before the American Civil War until the end of Reconstruction in 1877.
• Where: United States
• SIG: Stevens and Senator Charles Sumner were the prime leaders of the Radical Republicans during the American Civil War and Reconstruction. As a Radical Republican leader in the Senate, Sumner fought hard to provide equal civil and voting rights for the freedmen, and to block ex-Confederates from power so they would not reverse the victory in the Civil War.  Sumner, teaming with House leader Thaddeus Stevens, defeated Andrew Johnson, and imposed Radical views on the South. 

Lincoln's 10 percent plan vs. Wade-Davis Bill

• Who: Lincolns 10% Plan VS. Wade-Davis Bill
• What: Abraham Lincoln offered a model for reinstatement of Southern states called the 10 percent Reconstruction plan. Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio and Representative Henry Winter Davis of Maryland proposed a program for the Reconstruction of the South.
• When: 10% plan was in December 1863, and the Wade-Davis Bill was in July 2,1864
• Where: United States
• SIG: 10% plan decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of the 1860 vote count from that state had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation also a state legislature could write a new constitution, but it had to abolish slavery forever, this policy was meant to shorten the war by offering a moderate peace plan. It was also intended to further his emancipation policy by insisting that the new governments abolished slavery. In contrast to President Abraham Lincoln's more lenient Ten Percent Plan, the Wade-Davis bill made re-admittance to the Union for former Confederate states contingent on a majority in each Southern state to take the Ironclad oath to the effect they had never in the past supported the Confederacy, but was pocket vetoed by Lincoln and never took effect.

13th Amendment 

• Who: William H. Seward
• What: officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.
• When: passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, passed by the House on January 21, 1865, and adopted on December 6, 1865
• Where: United States
• SIG: It was the first of the Reconstruction Amendments. Also it will forever abolish Slavery in the United States that caused many big problems throughout the years of the reconstruction of the United States for example the Civil War.

Black Codes

• Who: Black Codes
• What: were laws passed on the state and local level in the United States to limit the basic human rights and civil liberties of blacks.
• When: 1866
• Where: United States
• SIG: The codes reflected the unwillingness of white Texans to accept blacks as equals and also their fears that freedmen would not work unless coerced. Thus the codes continued legal discrimination between whites and blacks. The black codes enacted immediately after the American Civil War, though varying from state to state, were all intended to secure a steady supply of cheap labor and all continued to assume the inferiority of the freed slaves. The black codes had their roots in the slave codes that had formerly been in effect.

Freedman's Bureau 

• Who: Freedmen’s Bureau 
• What: was a U.S. federal government agency that aided distressed refugees and freedmen or to be exact freed slaves during the Reconstruction era of the United States
• When: 1865-1872
• Where: United States
• SIG: The Freedman's Bureau Bill, which created the Freedman's Bureau, was initiated by President Abraham Lincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War. It was passed on March 3, 1865, by Congress to aid former slaves through legal food and housing, oversight, education, health care, and employment contracts with private landowners. It became a key agency during Reconstruction, assisting freedmen or freed ex-slaves in the South. The Bureau was part of the United States Department of War. It was disbanded under President Ulysses S. Grant. Bureau's main role was providing emergency food, housing, and medical aid to refugees, though it also helped reunite families. Later, it focused its work on helping the freedmen adjust to their conditions of freedom. Its main job was setting up work opportunities and supervising labor contracts.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

• Who: Civil Rights Act of 1867
• What: was a United States federal law proposed by Republican Senator Charles Sumner and Republican Congressman Benjamin F. Butler.
• When: proposed in 1870 and the act was passed by Congress in February, 1875 and signed by President Grant on March 1, 1875.
• Where: United States
• SIG: It was declared unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court in 1883. Many of the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 were passed into law in the 1960s with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Fair Housing Act using the federal power to regulate interstate commerce. The Act guaranteed that everyone, regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, was entitled to the same treatment in public accommodations. If found guilty, the lawbreaker could face a penalty anywhere from $500 to $1,000 and/or 30 days to 1 year in prison, however, the law was rarely enforced and in the 1883 Civil Rights Cases the Supreme Court deemed the act unconstitutional on the basis that Congress had no power to regulate the conduct of individuals. The Fourteenth Amendment prohibits discrimination by the state, not by individuals.

14th Amendment

• Who: 14 Amendment
• What:  The amendment was designed to grant citizenship for black people and to protect civil liberties of recently freed slaves
• When: July 9, 1868
• Where: United States
• SIG: It did this by prohibiting states from denying or abridging the privilages or immunities of citizens of the United States, depriving any person his life, liberty, or property without due process of the law, or denying to any person within their own jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Reconstruction Act of 1867

• Who: Reconstruction Act of 1875
• What: provided for the rebuilding of the Southern United States following the Civil War.
• When: 1875
• Where: United States
• SIG: it was the United States beginning of reconstruction because it was hugely destructive in terms of loss of life and damage to the infrastructure of the South.

Tenure of Office Act

• Who: Tenure of Office Act
• What: denied the President of the United States the power to remove from office anyone who had been appointed by a past President without the advice and consent of the United States Senate, unless the Senate approved the removal during the next full session of Congress.
• When: 1867
• Where: United States
• SIG: President Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act, so congress was able to impeach him. He was not officially impeached because he did not get the necessary 2/3 vote in order to do so.

15th Amendment

• Who: 15 Amendment
• What: prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
• When: 1870
• Where: United States
• SIG: The Fifteenth Amendment is the third of the Reconstruction Amendments. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

• Who: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
• What: Elizabeth   was an American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early woman's movement. Susan was a prominent American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's rights movement.
• When: 1848
• Where: United States
• SIG: Elizabeth’s Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the first women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, is often credited with initiating the first organized woman's rights and woman's suffrage movements in the United States. Susan introduced women's suffrage into the United States. She traveled the United States, and Europe, and averaged 75 to 100 speeches per year.

Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

• Who: Carpetbaggers and Scalawags
• What: Carpetbaggers was a negative term Southerners gave to Northerners also referred to as Yankees who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era. Scalawags were a nickname for southern whites who supported Reconstruction following the Civil War.
• When: 1865 and 1877
• Where: United States
• SIG: was also used to describe the white Northern Republican political appointees who came south, arriving with their travel carpetbags. Southerners considered them ready to loot and plunder the defeated South; it was a derogatory term, suggesting opportunism and exploitation by the outsiders. The relocated northerners often formed alliances with freed slaves and southern whites who were Republicans, who were nicknamed scalawags. Together they are said to have politically manipulated and controlled former Confederate states for varying periods for their own financial and power gains.

Ku Klux Klan, Enforcement Acts (Ku Klux Klan Act)

• Who: Ku Klux Klan
• What: is the name of three distinct past and present far-right organizations in the United States, which have advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy, white nationalism, and anti-immigration.
• When: 1860-1870
• Where: United States
• SIG: The first Klan flourished in the South, Their iconic white costumes consisted of robes, masks, and conical hat. Klan groups spread throughout the South as an insurgent movement during the Reconstruction era in the United States As a secret vigilante group, the Klan focused its anger reacted against Radical Republican and sought to restore white supremacy by threats and violence, including murder, against black and white Republicans. In 1870 and 1871 the federal government passed the Force Acts, which were used to prosecute Klan crimes. Prosecution of Klan crimes and enforcement of the Force Acts suppressed Klan activity.