Chapter 16 IDs #14-25

Civil Rights Act of 1875

• Who: Charles Sumner, Benjamin F. Butler
• What: The act guaranteed everyone, regardless of race, color of skin, or previous conditions or servitude, in all public places
• Where: United States
• When: February1875
• Sig: The act was rarely enforced, especially after the withdrawal of northern forces. But the act was the first of its kind to stop segregation. Supreme Court made act unconstitutional because congress has no power to regulate individuals.

Sharecropping and Crop-Liens

• Who: Southern land owners and merchants
• What: Landowner allows tenant to use land for the production of food, in return for a share of the crop grown (sharecropping). Farmers had to borrow against the price of the upcoming harvest, and by the time they harvested the crop they would pay back and then borrow again for the next year.
• Where: Southern United States
• When: 1860’s
• Sig: This gave farmers in the now recently free-labor south to begin to let people work on their farms for money, shelter, and food. This gave farmers a way to keep growing without slaves. This gave a new economic out look to the south.

Jay Gould and Jim Fisk

• Who: American financiers, stock brokers
• What: Both Gould and Fisk worked on the Erie Railroad, and they devised a plan to corner the gold market and get money out of it. These plans lead to Black Friday where the markets fell dramatically. They also bribed judges and legistlatures in order to get their way.
• Where: United States
• When: Late 1860’s
• Sig:  The significance of Gould and Fisk was that they were feared by all the economic markets. Seeing as they made the market drop dramatically people saw them as gods who can control the markets at their own will. This began to show how many officials on the government were corrupt and they had to stop this.

Credit Mobilier

• Who: Vice-President Schuyler Colfax
• What: The Credit Mobilier, was a company that took profits from the Union Pacific Railroad which was given money from government funds. It also gave contractors padded construction contracts.
• Where: United States
• When: 1872
• Sig: The significance of this scandal was that it showed the public how easily it was to corrupt government officials and how it needed to be stopped because it can hurt the public.

William M. Tweed

• Who: politician, leader in Tammany Hall
• What: Tweed was a very influential man who used his power to steal and take money from the state of New York. He was then tried and he went to jail for political corruption and stealing money from taxpayers.
• Where: New York
• When: 1872
• Sig:  The significance of Tweed is that even the most powerful politician is victim to corruption. This began to show the weaknesses in the government and how it is falling victim to more and more corruption.

“Seward’s Ice Box”

• Who: Secretary of State William H. Seward
• What: Seward was the Secretary of State when Russia was in a bad financial state. Russia then offered the United States, Alaska for money. Seward accepted and they signed a treaty that gave them Alaska.
• Where: United States
• When: early 1867
• Sig: The significance of this purchase was that it gave more land to the United States and that many Americans. That land was filled with resources such as gold and oil. It would also provide advantage during the Cold War.

Liberal Republicans and Horace Greeley

• Who: republicans who split from the main party and became liberals, presidential nominee Greely for new party
• What: The new party was made to oppose the re-election of president Ulysses S. Grant and his radical republican supporters. Greely was a newspaper editor who was nominated for the position of president even though he had no government experience.
• Where: United States
• When: 1870-1872
• Sig: With the separation of the party it allowed many leaders from the Republican Party to move to the Democratic Party. The party also supported civil and political rights for African-Americans.

Greenbacks and the Greenback Party

• Who: farmers
• What: they were people who supported paper money instead of coins. Their ideology was made up of; anti-monopoly, militias, private police, and government involvement to better circulate money.
• Where: United States
• When: 1874-1884
• Sig: This party was the first to condemn monopolies, the use of state militias against union strikes.  They also supported the government’s involvement in the making of money to assist people who are in financial trouble.

Slaughterhouse Cases

• Who: Supreme Court
• What: It was the first time the Supreme Court had to interpret the 13^th and14^th amendments, to see if Louisiana created a partial monopoly of slaughterhouses.
• Where: Louisiana, United States
• When: 1873
• Sig: The significance was that there was no limit to the use of one’s property and that that it was not a monopoly because it was using its own “property” to make it a power in the state.

Mississippi Plan and Redemption

• Who: Democratic Party
• What: This was a plan that the Democratic Party of Mississippi made to overthrow the Republican Party from state legislature and the governor office. They used threats, violence, and purchased block votes to do this.
• Where: Mississippi, United States
• When: 1875
• Sig: The significance of this plan was that it was the beginning of party fighting to gain power within the parties owns state legislatures and the national government. These tactics now affect how political elections are influenced and could mean the election of a new government official.

“Exodus” Movement

• Who: African Americans
• What: The “Exodus” Movement, was a mass migration of African-American people towards Kansas. This was caused because of racial oppression and the reinstitution of slavery in the south so they fled to the state of Kansas.
• Where: Kansas, United States
• When: 1879
• Sig: This was the first of many mass migrations of black Americans. Many of the migrations were to escape the Klu Klux Klan, White League, and the Jim Crow Laws. This movement shocked Americans because it showed them that blacks were not only free by name but also by movement.

Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel J. Tilden, and the Compromise of 1877

• Who: presidential nominees, disputed presidential election
• What: Hayes who was the presidential nominee from the Republicans, and Tilden from the Democrats ran for president when there was a dispute in the Electoral College count. The compromise was made to end the dispute which made Hayes the winner, but with the catch that he remove federal troops from the south.
• Where: United States
• When: 1876-1875
• Sig: The significance was that it did not allow for the country to erupt into violence. It was a deal between Democrats and Republicans in order to come to terms with eachother.